Behavioral Economics Essay -- Neo-economists, Labor Market

Introduction Described as the economic field that deals with the analysis of the effect that the process of decision making impacts on the decisions reached, behavioral economics is a field that has elicited lots of interest from various scholars (Altman, 24). The economists consider this branch of economics as cognitive science due to the fact that it deals with analysis of the process of decision making. Eric Wanner one of the earlier founders of the discipline describes this economic field as a component of cognitive science in his attempt to explain the basis and the characteristic analysis of the discipline in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Simply put it is a field of economic that explains the decision making process of economic agents based on theories formulated in its different branches (Altman, 25-26). Behavioral economics is a diverse subject dealing with numerous topics but for purposes of this research paper, my focus will be on the labor market; fairness and reciprocity. Employ ees as well as their employers have financial interests for which they desire to achieve from their entry into the labor market or the industry for which the employers are recruiting employee (Altman, 29-30). The employee will always seem to reciprocate any extra pay from the employer with additional input whereas the employer will give incentives to encourage extra output. Literature review Neo-economists describe the labor market as one having employees who work for a wage and employers who pay wages for the work performed. Arkelof theory on fair wage stated that for an employer to pay extra money to the employee the employee always viewed the extra money as mere compensation for the above average work that they performed (Colin, 2010... ...effort in the tasks they perform. Fairness by the employer is the determinant in the level of output from an employee. The essay has also illustrated the impact that fairness and reciprocity has on the nature or mix of employment contracts that an employer decides to employ for the different tasks performed by the different employees. There are two classes of employee; some employees fall in the category of fair employees while the rest are trust employee. Most employees however are fair employees who expect fair treatment from their employers in order for them to reciprocate the generosity with increased output. The most popular kind of engagement is the bonus reward system. Further research needs to be carried out in determination of the relationship between fairness and reciprocity in the labor market and demand of goods of high quality at the product market.

Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-96) was an American writer born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the daughter of a preacher, Lyman Beecher. Young Harriet grew up in a deeply religious atmosphere. In 1832, she moved with her father to Cincinnati, Ohio where he had charge of a seminary. There she met and married Calvin E. Stowe, a widower and a professor in the school. They had seven children. Cincinnati, just across the Ohio River from Kentucky, was in the very midst of the controversy over slavery. She sometimes talked to fleeing slaves, and once she even visited a Kentucky plantation whose slaves were used as models for her novel. In 1850, her husband was called to Bowdoin College and she was happy to be back in the more congenial air of New England. That same year the Fugitive Slave Law was passed. It infuriated the abolitionists, including the Beecher family. This led her to write Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the novel that was said to have started the Civil War in the United States. This writer was selected over the other writers because of the great impact her novel made on America’s perception over slavery and the events that followed after its publication. Without doubt, the Civil War would have come in any case. Just the same, the tremendous moral force of the book made many people, who might otherwise have been lukewarm, take a firm stand against slavery. At current time, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin has been relegated to the list of required reading which made it lose some of its appeal. I thought it would be best to look at the context of its creation and what better way but to look closely at its creator, her background and her influences. There are numerous books and articles that can be found about the life and works of Mrs. Stowe. I have chosen two to be used as the major references. The first is from Twayne’s United States Authors on Harriet Beecher Stowe, Chapter 1: The Early Years. This chapter detailed the childhood of Harriet and how it was like growing up in the Beecher household ruled by the Calvinist preacher, despot and father, the Reverend Lyman Beecher. Orphaned from their mother at an early age, the Beecher siblings were brought up by their father under a strict Calvinist upbringing. Every day was a religious experience. He dominated the household with his sternness and terrorized his children with his preaching of damnation and hellfire. He believed in man’s fallibility and sought to remind and humble his children of this fact every chance he got. It was said that â€Å"within his home Lyman was a bully of the worst stripe, a benevolently intentioned and systematically complete bully† (â€Å"The Early Years,† 1). However, Harriet also suffered from neglect simply because she was female. The patriarch heaped his attention on his sons whom he successfully groomed to become preachers like him. She, on the other hand, was sent off to Hartford to her sister Catherine who was twelve year her senor, to get an education. Her sister was an impressive intellectual, establishing the Hartford Female Seminary. She was deeply religious and once suffered from near mental collapse because of her fear that her dead fiance will go straight to hell since he was not able to convert before he died. Quite domineering, she badgered Harriet into assisting her which the young girl found unbearable. She stayed with her sister for eight grueling years. Regardless, she was able to travel and mingle with people her own age. This proved to be her salvation as she was able to form her own beliefs regarding religion that was centered on the mercy of Jesus rather than the certainty of hell. Then the Beecher clan all moved from Boston to Cincinnati as her father accepted the post of president of the Lane Theological Seminary. Now, Harriet had to contend with both her sister with whom she still served as assistant and her father to whom she had to go home. To escape, she turned to writing. She also met the widower Calvin Stowe whose proposal of marriage she accepted. The only thing they had in common at that time was their shared affection for Eliza, his dead wife. Between 1836 and 1850, she gave birth to eight children. With such a big family, she was bound to the home more than ever. In order to augment the household income, she used her writing skills into a money making venture by submitting magazine sketches. Calvin Stowe’s appointment to the faculty of Bowdoin College which allowed them to move to Brunswick, Maine was a turning point for Harriet. Among others, she was going back to New England and would be free from the grasp of her father and sister. Her life until then was unremarkable. She was a housewife who was concerned mostly with chores, frustrations and debts. Though she lived in tumultuous times she did not participate in it. This was due to reasons as follows: Her private duties as obedient daughter and wife had demanded almost more energy than she had to give, and she had taken refuge from overwork in the consolation of heavenly love; to mistrust the world, to accept it as the abode of cruelty and injustice, was the philosophy by which she lived (â€Å"The Early Years,† 7). This was about to change with the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the novel which led President Abraham Lincoln to greet her as â€Å"the little lady who made this big war. † This remark was cited from the second reference used for this paper, the article on Harriet Beecher Stowe by Ken Wolf from the Dictionary of World Biography: The 19th Century. For the first part, he gave a brief account of her early life and for the second part, he concentrated on her life’s work. Uncle Tom’s Cabin first appeared in 1851-52 as a serial in an abolitionist paper. The anti-slavery sentiments were already at its peak at that time. The Fugitive Slave Law was just passed where all citizens whether they are from the north or south are obliged to return fleeing slaves to their owners or face criminal charges. The disagreements between the abolitionists and moderates were turning physically violent such as pro-slavery mobs attacking abolitionists print shops such as the one in Connecticut near the residence of the Beechers. The publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 was indeed timely. On that year alone, it already sold 300,000 copies. Harriet’s message was clear. Slavery was wrong, the novel argued, because it was un-Christian. More specifically, slavery tore children from their mothers and thus threatened the existence of the Christian family (Wolf, 2). This book was a personal one for the author. All that she believed in were embodied in the novel. She even used the name of Calvin Stowe’s deceased wife and her good friend, Eliza, as the main female character. While the main protagonist was male, that being Tom who had kindly masters but still got sold off twice and eventually ended up being beaten to death, the novel was filled with strong female characters. A main theme was the recurring circumstance of slavery separating families and the attempts of the slave mothers to prevent it. We see Eliza jumping on ice floes to effect her and her son’s escape. We see Cassy who preferred to kill her newborn herself than allow it to be sold off later. There was Eva who persuaded her father to free Tom, but both unfortunately died before they did. There was also Mary Bird who †shamed her husband†, Senator Bird of Ohio into helping Eliza even if he was violating the Fugitive Slave Law which he helped pass. Her novel was most effective in arousing sentiments of anti-slavery because the author approached her arguments using the religious zeal that her father bestowed upon them stressing that â€Å"Christianity began at home with a strong family. Any institution that undermined the family was necessarily unchristian† (Wolf, 2). This struck deep at the conscience of the American people. Her succeeding novels likewise had female characters playing prominent roles. She believed that women are the purveyors or morality. She was not an advocate of female equality and continued not to participate in the suffragists movement or the equal rights for women. She believed in the family and the role women play within it. She also continued to write her novels based on characters she is most familiar with such as Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856) regarding a slave rebellion attempt, The Minister’s Wooing (1859) which was a jab on the inflexible dogma of her father’s Calvinism. This novel was also partly historical. Her next novel is likewise historical, Agnes of Sorrento (1862) about the Florentian social and religious reformist monk, Gironalo Savonarola. The Pearl of Orr’s Island (1862), Oldtown Folks (1869) and Poganuc People (1878) are childhood reminiscences of New England. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the only one of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s that aimed at direct reform. Though it sparked a war, as literature, it is not great. It is overly sentimental and the picture it draws is exaggerated. In spite of these flaws, it remains one of the most powerful novels ever written to right a wrong. Her other novels published after it had none of the appeal of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, but she continued to be one of America’s popular writers at that time. Her other greatest contribution to history was her depiction of women as being in the same level as men in terms of intellect, bravery and morality. She was able to put across her message of empowerment across in a society dominated by men of the importance of women’s and mother’s role in the family and in society as regards moral regeneration. Before I conducted this research, I was under the impression that Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written more as a reaction against the peculiar institution of slavery. Reading about the life of Harriet Beecher Stowe, it became evident that though her book came out of indignation against slavery, it also owed something to her Puritan conscience. Her belief’s and childhood experiences come across into her books such as her belief on women’s equality which she never did experience having been subjected to neglect because of her gender. While she persistently believed that the role of women is confined within the walls of the home, she was successful in opening a new perspective of women. Admittedly, I have not read any of her other works however, given her background that I know now, it would be interesting to read The Minister’s Wooing to gain a better idea on how it was to live with a severe Calvinist minister and how and if she was able to relate it to her own experiences in growing up with one and make it comical.

Business Owner Of A Small Storage Company Essay - 1387 Words

Bailments As the business owner of a small storage company here in central Vermont I face many legal challenges. I have to create and use contracts to protect my business, and my customers. I maintain all of my facilities to provide an adequate storage facility to keep all customers items safe. I carry insurance to protect me, and my company, and I have even formed my business as a Limited Liability Company, (LLC) to help create liability protection for myself. However, a constant problem that I face as an owner of a storage company is bailments. Being a storage provider I am continuously creating bailments between my business and customers. The bailments I create are bailments for mutual benefit. The bailor stores his items in my facility with the expectation the facilities will be suitable and as described. In return my business, the bailee, will be compensated in accordance with the agreed upon price. My business deals with hundreds of bailments each year. To strengthen my business, and av oid litigation and legal suits involving bailments, I need to understand what a bailment is, how they work, and examine other legal cases involving bailments. A bailment is, a legal relationship in common law, where actual possession of personal property is transferred from one individual (Bailor), to another individual (Bailee). The bailee then has possession of the property. Bailments often are formed when an object or objects are given to someone for safe keeping. The most commonShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Pods701 Words   |  3 Pages PODS (Portable On Demand Storage) was founded in 1998 by Peter Warhurst, he was trying to expand his family’s small storage business (Wikipedia). PODS reinvented the way people could move and store their belongings. A PODS container is delivered directly to the customer’s location for them to load at their leisure. Then, PODS will deliver the container or store it at a storage center. 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The Top Coming-of-Age Novels

The Authors Conclude With A Few Rehashing Comments Related

The authors conclude with a few rehashing comments related to understanding how spirituality can play an important role in sport psychology research and practice. They close with a statement declaring the potential for further research is vast and the need to further document the importance of spirituality in the lives of athletes and the work of sport psychology consultants. My reflection Mixing religion and spirituality is a touchy issue in or outside of sport psychology and is a major ethical issue for anyone engaged in sport psychology consulting or counseling, in general. If you have not spent time thinking through how to handle this issue, perhaps my article review and reflection will stimulate and encourage you to do so.†¦show more content†¦According to Wikipedia, Religion in the United States is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. Various religious faiths have flourished within the United States. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a very important role in their lives, a proportion unique among developed countries. 70.6% of the American population identified themselves as Christians, with 46.5% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 20.8% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam) collectively make up about 6% of the population (Wikipedia, 2017). It’s important to realize that 7 out of 10 of our potential clients identify themselves as Christians and possibly one would be a Muslim or a Buddhist. However, as I said above, even within Christianity, one can offend another so easily. I’ve seen a lot of family arguments over politics and religion. It’s just a subject to stay away unless a client really wants to go there. Even conducting mindfulness, deep breathing could possibly offend someone since it would appear to be practicing a Buddhist religious practice. One leadership expert, John Maxwell (who was mentored by Coach Wooden) said regarding ethics, there is one standard, â€Å"do to others what you would have them to do to you† (Maxwell, 2003). That’s actually from the Bible yet most Christians can’t evenShow MoreRelatedA Guide to Case Analysis: Core Concepts and Analytical Approaches7467 Words   |  30 Pagesnotes are often frustrated when discussions about a case do not produce concrete answers. Usually, case discussions produce good arguments for more than one course of action. Differences of opinion nearly always exist. Thus, should a class discussion conclude without a strong, unambiguous consensus on what do to, don’t grumble too much when you are not told what the answer is or what the company actually did. Just remember that in the business world answers don’t come in conclusive black-and-white terms

Harold Lasswell Essay Free Essays

Harold Lasswell. political scientist. defines political relations as a power battle about â€Å"who gets what. We will write a custom essay sample on Harold Lasswell Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now when. and how. † David Easton defines political relations as an allotment of resources. David Easton defines political relations as the â€Å"authoritative allotment of values or scarce resources. † These resources are divided in three general types. Describe these types. The three resources are: 1. Political resources: This resource refers to the country’s power. prestigiousness. and position. backed by their military power. They are called scarce resources because they are looked at in the hierarchal agreement in the universe order. 2. Economic resources: This resource includes the state’s fiscal resources ( wealth. one-year national income. supply of capital. and investing chances ) . industrial and agricultural production. and natural resources ( oil. coal. H2O. and mineral resources ) . These are besides scarce resources every bit good such as Oil and Water. We must see we can make without Oil but non Water. It is possible we might see H2O wars probably in the twenty-first century. 3. Social and cultural resources: This resource is related. non straight. to the planetary battle for power ( The battle to vie for and make laterality in an organisation. a province. a part of the universe. or the whole universe ) . Unlike the other two resources. these resources are scarce and unevenly distributed around the Earth. As if you were a policy determination shaper. urge to your President which of these resources the authorities should concentrate on geting. As a policy determination shaper. I would urge to my President to use all three resources. I truly believe I would state the President to be more accountable with all the resources. I would urge to our President to take the Economic resource foremost. I chose this first because of our state is confronting at this minute are enormous adversities. Because we did non acquire ourselves in this state of affairs. we are confronting what the old President’s determination and we are cleaning up now. Discourse how you can accomplish the maximal allotment for the resources you choose. I truly believe that I would hold done by taxing all like the President has. I would besides give back like he has done by giving back 5 % of his income. All the Congress would hold to give back 5 % of their income. I would cut back on the costs of entertaining that goes on within the White House. The travelling costs and the entertaining would hold to equilibrate each other out. The 2nd that I would take Education and occupations every bit good as health care is my following end. I would do certain the Veterans and the Seniors every bit good as the people who are disable. How to cite Harold Lasswell Essay, Essay examples

Auditing Insurance Operations

Question: Discuss about the Auditing for Insurance Operations. Answer: HIH Insurance Ltd was formed in 1968 but it started its insurance operations in the year 1998. It was observed that the business done by the company was very different from how an insurance business must be done. This led to the failure of HIH Insurance Ltd. The company got exposed to several risks which made the business operations questionable to all. Due to these risks, Winterthur Insurance Company withdrew their shares from the former HHI Winterthur Company. A merger took place between Winterthur and the CE Health International but because of the formers activities, the merger was ended and shares were withdrawn. Risk orientation is the key nature of an insurance company and the insurer must ensure that his business risk is attenuated (Vause, 2009). He is endowed with public money and it is expected of him to use that money efficiently. Any activity in contrast to this brings several dangers to the business. The main problem regarding HIH Insurance Ltd was its incautious business where it acquired companies and indulged in every insurance business like aviation, marine etc without an appropriate due diligence. Prior research on the political conditions and due diligence is highly recommended before any merger but the company had avoided such things. Apart from these external issues, the financial planning and working structure of the company was also poor which led to a narrow and defective investment strategy (Wood, 2011). Inappropriate provisions were established for natural disasters and due to lack in maintenance of forethought margins, a discrepancy in the whole system could be seen (Heeler, 2009). In relation to faulty planning and ineffective management of business, HIH Insurance Ltd emerged to be the best illustration. Prior to the takeover of FAI Insurance, the company was already facing with various discrepancies which disturbed its overall activity but it took over FAI Insurance without exercising and precautions for due diligence, thereby increasing its exposure towards risks. Not only this, HIH Insurance also purchased the shares of FAI Insurance at a premium cost which facilitated in adding further loss to the company. Hence, the takeover of FAI Insurance and purchase of its shares at a premium without proper due diligence proved to be a very incorrect decision by the company which created a significant complication for it. The risks created by HIH Insurance were not just limited to the takeover. It also discontinued the industrial practice for sustaining prudential standards. It must be noted that these standards diminishes the impact of uncertain contingencies and natural disasters but the decision of discontinuing the same created further risks for the company. Instead of applying such standards in the insurance business, it adopted the reinsurance policy that proved to be a significant benefactor in increasing the risk profile of the company, thereby leading towards a downfall. A company is expected to align with the varying scenarios but HIH Insurance Ltd failed to do so and therefore when the risk increased, the company was no longer in a position to encounter them. Management of risks with appropriate precision contributes towards a significant and effective growth for the company. Furthermore, HIH Insurance Ltd paid a massive sum of its capital for consultancy and other services. It also invested a lot in the provision of auditing services but the major part of contribution was for consulting and other services. This investment raised several doubts and questions on peoples minds because inspite of such massive investments in consulting and auditing services, there were discrepancies in the accounts and other activities of the company. Therefore, this also led to an enhancement in the risk profile of the company. It is relevant for every company to have a systematic and proper administration that is responsible to look after the day to day affairs of the company. Therefore, if the independence of auditors and other non-executive directors is biased, that is hampered then the companys prudence will also get diminished. In the case of HIH Insurance, it can be seen that there was a lack of proper and appropriate supervision and guidance, inability of paying the debts etc. These factors also contributed in developing the business risks of the company. Furthermore, the links that the purchasing companies had with the competitor also contributed in increasing the business risks of HIH Insurance Ltd because as a matter of fact, a competitor will want to gain further prominence in the market and it can do things that can either increase its own goodwill or destroys the same of its competitor (Parker et. al, 2011). Therefore, it can be observed that HIH Insurance Ltd faced with several risks which had actually risen due to its own irregularities, thereby leading to its major downfall. The directors of the insurance company illegitimately utilized money from the public by holding assured annuity rate policies in order to capitalize public with the present annuity rate policies. In the case of Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman, it can be observed that the Society was closed after the judgement passed by the House of Lords. The policyholders were technically not insolvent but still the government of UK established a compensation policy for them under the Equitable Life (Payments) Act 2010. With this case law, the dishonesty of the insurance company can be clearly observed. For the determination of partnership being liable or not, Anderson can refer this case law. In the case law of Raskov v Stapke Harris, it can be observed that partnership can take a stand as it can encounter the declaratory wisdom. Hence, this case law can be considered when it comes to partnership being accountable for the creditors. As a matter of fact, Anderson can consider this case for an appropriate reference. Negligence is an act of failure to take appropriate care over something. It can either be intentional or unintentional or both. But ignorance cannot be justified so as to get rid of legal and penal actions. Providing unfaithful claims, misleading and inappropriate details are some of the matters that are considered as negligence. This negligences can attract legal matters against the defaulter. Hence, if an act of negligence can provide harm to others, then it is undoubtedly punishable by law, especially in the case of companies who are attributed with public money. These companies are bound to undertake due diligence prior to any matter so that problems can be avoided. There are two requirements which satisfy the prevalence of negligence in an activity (Sawyer, 2003). Firstly, there must be a duty to be accomplished and secondly the person bound to accomplish that duty must breach it. When the defendant contravenes any duty owed to a plaintiff, he is liable for an act of negligence. This contravention can arise when the defendant fails to employ due care for accomplishing the target. It is the jury who is bound to decide whether elements like duty to be fulfilled and contravention of the duty is prevalent in the case or not. It is upon the plaintiff to prove to the jury whether any kind of harm or loss has been caused to him because of the negligence of the defendant. Next is the element of an immediate cause (proximate). If the harm caused by defendant is greater than the harm envisaged by him, then the plaintiff will fail to prove that the actions undertaken by the defendant were the proximate cause of damages to plaintiff. Then is the damage element where the plaintiff is bound to prove the legitimacy of harm caused to him. Then is the element of a talented and professional lawyer who can win the case by reversing the unfortunate circumstances in the clients fa vor (Mock et. al, 2013). As Andersons had earned high revenues from HIH Insurance, the former members from the team of external auditors could have been employed. As discussed earlier, HIH Insurance had paid massive money in consulting and auditing services but still Anderson could not identify or rectify the inaccuracies prevalent in the company. This proves that Anderson was also indulged in false activities with the company. The company was irregularly besmirching the public money but the auditors were unable to locate any such happenings. This leads to an assumption that Arthur Anderson being an auditor of HIH Insurance Ltd was involved with the company in order to manipulate its accounts. According to Kalpan William (2013) it is the auditors duty to provide what is beneficial for the company but they themselves were involved in such fraud, thereby putting their goodwill and licenses at stake. Auditing is done so that accounts can be examined and an expert judgement can be ascertained on the companys financial performance. Both auditing and consultancy are connected but still different (Christensen, 2011). Auditors are legally bound to be the watch-dog of companys activities while consultants are bound to evaluate company requirements and provide necessary reliefs for the better interest of the company. Hence these are connected and can be employed from a same firm or individual. Both consulting and auditing is a one-by-one procedure. Firstly, consultants evaluate the circumstances and provide an appropriate solution. Secondly, an auditor being a watch-dog to prevent discrepancies in the company is the end process (Hoffelder, 2012). As per Gilbert et. al (2005) legal appointment of one and same individual as an auditor and consultant is permitted by law. If it is against legal requirements, then any deed done by them becomes unethical. In the case of HIH Insurance Ltd, prior auditors were duly appointed as the external auditors of the company but they were appointed to assist the company in frauds which are totally unethical. In this case, they are appointed both as auditors and consultants for the better management of the company. If this is permitted in auditors law, then its ethical (Cappelleto, 2010). In the insurance industry, HIH Insurance Ltd came out to be a significant one. As it failed to encounter international pressures within the industry and also disappointed in providing for contingencies, it suffered a downfall. The required standards were also not followed by the company. According to the CLERP and Ramsay Report, several rules and regulations were provided which was compulsory to be followed by insurance companies. Many new significant standards and economic and corporate corrections were made in the existing rules that must be followed. Hence, audit is very essential in companies as it provides an assurance whether the financial statements present a true and fair view of the companys performance or not. Unintentional negligence can be accepted or forgiven but deliberate negligence is punishable by law. The introduction of new standards may pave out ways for better performance of insurance companies (Baldwin, 2010). Proper due diligence, efficient audits etc are some of the benefits that are introduced in these standards. This can facilitate in better functioning of audits and auditors within companies by adopting effective audit methods but with unbiased independence. References Baldwin, S 2010, Doing a content audit or inventory, Pearson Press. Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Melbourne Christensen, J. 2011, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Gilbert, W. Joseph J and Terry J. E 2005, The Use of Control Self-Assessment by Independent Auditors, The CPA Journal, vol.3, pp. 66-92 Heeler, D 2009, Audit Principles, Risk Assessment Effective Reporting, Pearson Press Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. Kaplan, S. Williams, D 2013, Do going concern audit reports protect auditors from litigation? A simultaneous equations approach, The Accounting Review, 88(1), 199-232. Mock, T. J., Bdard, J., Coram, P., Davis, S., Espahbodi, R. Warne, R 2013, The audit reporting model: Current research synthesis and implications, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. 32, 323-351. Parker, L, Guthrie, J Linacre, S 2011, The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5-14. Sawyer, L 2003, Sawyer's Internal Auditing, Institute of Internal Auditors. Vause, B 2009, Guide to Analysing Companies, Bloomberg Press Wood, D A 2011,The Effect of Using the Internal Audit Function as a Management Training Ground on the External Auditor's Reliance Decision, The Accounting Review, vol. 86. No. 6